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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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111389
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11138900.032
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1990-09-19
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ENVIRONMENT, Page 73The Chernobyl Cover-UpAre Soviet officials still concealing the truth about thedisaster?
The Soviet government's first reaction to the 1986 catastrophe
at the Chernobyl nuclear plant was to hide it from the world. Only
when confronted with irrefutable evidence did officials admit that
one of the plant's reactors had exploded, releasing a radioactive
cloud that spread over the country and across Europe.
But some Soviet politicians and scientists now claim that a
cover-up is still going on. They charge that 1) the accident
released at least 20 times more radiation than the government has
admitted, 2) Communist officials failed to evacuate nearby towns
and cities right away, although they knew of the danger, and 3) the
Soviet nuclear establishment had known that the Chernobyl design
was unsafe. "I believe we must launch an investigation and learn
who was responsible," says Alexei Yablokov, deputy chairman of the
Committee on Ecology and the Rational Use of Natural Resources in
the Congress of People's Deputies, the new Soviet legislature.
Allegations of a continuing Chernobyl cover-up have been
quietly circulating in the Soviet Union for some time. But the
scandal has now broken into the open, thanks to an article in the
Moscow News, an outspoken (since glasnost) weekly newspaper. Under
the headline THE BIG LIE, the paper reported on a round-table
discussion it had organized on the Chernobyl issue. The party
officials, journalists and lawmakers who took part recited a litany
of accusations against such prominent citizens as former Ukrainian
party boss Vladimir Shcherbitsky; Yevgeni Chazov, the Soviet
Minister of Health; Anatoli Aleksandrov, former head of the Soviet
Academy of Sciences; and Yuri Izrael, chairman of the State
Committee on Hydrometeorology.
Much of what the critics say is based on secret documents and
firsthand experience, and will be hard for the government to
refute. People's Deputy Yuri Voronezhtsev, from Byelorussia, near
Chernobyl, says medical records contradict the official claim that
iodine was given to all of those exposed to radiation in order to
prevent the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.
Another Byelorussian, writer Ales Adamovich, says local officials
ignored the appeals of a physicist to evacuate the area until he
showed them that party headquarters itself was contaminated.
Another legislator, Yuri Shcherbak, notes that the decision to
evacuate residents of the town of Chernobyl, which is just 14 km
(9 miles) from the plant, was not made until May 2, six days after
the accident. By April 30, he says, radiation in nearby Kiev (pop.
2.6 million) had risen to 100 times safe levels. The authorities
knew that, according to Shcherbak, but "the population was not
warned."
In the Narodichi district, 68 km (42 miles) from the reactor,
according to local party official Valentin Budko, "the evacuation
of children was finished only on June 7. Little wonder that there
are so many sick children in our district, especially those with
hyperplasia of the thyroid gland." This and other radiation-related
disorders, like leukemia, have allegedly been misreported as more
innocent sounding conditions.
The mismanagement, moreover, started long before the Chernobyl
accident itself, claims Shcherbak. The reactor's safety system,
approved by former Academy of Sciences head Aleksandrov, had design
flaws, and, says Shcherbak, a near accident at a similar reactor
in 1976 was hushed up. Most disturbing is the contention that
safety violations are still going on. Budko and journalist Vladimir
Kolinko, for example, say that food grown in contaminated soil is
still being distributed to children, among others. And last week
Komsomolskaya Pravda, a Moscow daily, published a story by Vladimir
Lipsky, president of the Byelorussian branch of the Soviet
Children's Fund, charging that infant disease is on the rise and
that officials have authorized construction of 43 kindergartens in
affected areas.
At least one accusation -- that the accident released 1 billion
or more curies of radiation, rather than the reported figure of 50
million to 80 million -- is denied by the authorities. Says Nikolai
Steinberg, former chief engineer of the Chernobyl reactor and now
deputy chairman of the State Committee on the Safety of Nuclear
Industry: "We're not the only ones who came up with that figure.
International scientists were involved as well." U.S. experts
support the lower estimate. Nonetheless, Yablokov and other
deputies have demanded that the Chernobyl installation, which is
still operating, be closed down completely.
The Soviets who are complaining have a clear political bias.
Virtually all of their targets are thought to be enemies of Mikhail
Gorbachev's program of restructuring society, while the accusers
are mostly progressives. If Gorbachev wants to remove accused
officials from their posts, the growing scandal could make it easy
to do so.